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 describe and make visible microaggressions

 explain the dynamic psychological interplay between perpetrators and targets

 depict the individual and societal consequences of microaggressions and macroaggressions

 reveal how microaggressions create maximal harm

 recommend individual, institutional, and societal strategies—microinterventions—that will ameliorate the harms aimed toward members of marginalized groups in the United States and beyond.

1 ssss1 Although most people likely prefer their tribal names (e.g., Blackhorse, 2016; Yellow Bird, 1999), “American Indian” and “Native American” remain the most widely used labels in the United States. An analysis of a U.S. Census survey found that 49% of people who self‐identified as such preferred the term “Indian,” 37% preferred “Native American,” and 3.6% preferred “some other name.” About 5% expressed no preference (Tucker, Kojetin, & Harrison, 1996). While “American Indian” and “Native American” may be used interchangeably, separately, or not at all, “Native American” also is used more expansively. According to the Native American Rights Fund (n.d.), Native Americans include “all Native people of the United States and its territories, including Native Hawaiians and American Samoans.” Thus, we use “Native American” throughout the book and at the same time acknowledge the controversy inherent in the term.

During an episode with Nebraska senator Republican Ben Hasse, HBO talk show host Bill Maher used the N‐word in the “banter of a live moment.” Senator Hasse invited Maher to Nebraska to “work in the fields” with fellow Nebraskans. Maher replied, “Work in the fields? Senator, I'm a house n*****.” After calls to fire Maher the next day, he and the network apologized, and HBO removed the remark from subsequent airings.

In a social media example, TV personality Rosanne Barr, referring to President Obama's former aide Valerie Jarrett, tweeted, “muslim brotherhood & planet of the apes had a baby=vj.” Shortly thereafter, the ABC network canceled Barr's show. She attributed her reckless comments to being on the sedative Ambien. Several weeks later, in an interview with Rabbi Shmuley Boteach, Barr reflected on her racist tweet. She remarked, “And what can I do now except say of course, I'm not a racist, I'm an idiot. And I might have done something that comes across as bigoted and ignorant, and I know that's how it came across. And you know, I asked for forgiveness ‘cause I do love all people, I really do.”